< Previous18 JANUARY 2025 SITE SELECTION NORTH AMERICAN REPORTS Amgen Recommits to Holly Springs T o cater to long-term growth projections and demand for life-saving medicines a $1 billion expansion has been announced in Wake County, North Carolina, by biotechnology company Amgen. The project will include the establishment of a second drug substance facility on the company’s Holly Springs campus, which will bring 370 new jobs to the Research Triangle region. “This expansion refl ects Amgen’s ongoing commitment to innovation and the people who make it possible,” said Amgen Chairman and CEO Robert A. Bradway. “North Carolina has been a strong partner, off ering the skilled workforce and forward-looking business climate we need to bring vital medicines to patients around the world.” Amgen was approved for a 12-year Job Development Investment Grant from the state, which will off er the potential of an over $4.8 million reimbursement to the company over the lifespan of the grant. Space To Automate U pon the $66.5 million purchase of 143 acres in Fort Myers, Florida, in November 2024, Amazon began construction on its fi rst robotics fulfi llment center in Lee County. Project details include a new 650,000-sq.-ft. warehouse and distribution facility near the city’s master-planned community The Forum. It will deploy AI technology and robotics to house, pick and pack items for delivery. By reducing the amount of heavy lifting employees encounter, the company states it will enable employees to work more safely, more easily and more effi ciently, while streamlining package deliveries. Construction work will take place over two years beginning in 2025. Once operational, the facility will create an estimated 1,000 direct jobs. Amgen plans to expand its Holly Springs campus to accommodate increased need for serious illness medicines. Photo courtesy of Amgen Since 2012, Amazon has incorporated over 750,000 robots across its distribution facilities. Photo courtesy of Amazon JV Cycles Back to Texas C yclyx International, a joint venture between Agilyx, ExxonMobil and LyondellBasell, plans to introduce a new $135 million plastic feedstock recycling center in Fort Worth by 2026. This news arrives one year after the JV announced the establishment of its fi rst Cyclyx Circularity Center (CCC) in Houston, which is expected to come online in mid-2025. The new project, dubbed CCC2, is in line with the JV’s goal of cultivating infrastructure needed to boost a circular plastics economy. The new facility is expected to produce 300 million pounds of plastic waste feedstock per year for customers using mechanical and advanced recycling technologies. “We are thrilled to achieve this important milestone in expanding the CCC network,” said Agilyx CEO Ranjeet Bhatia. “Combined, CCC1 and CCC2 will have the capacity to produce an estimated 600 million pounds of plastic feedstock annually. This investment helps redirect plastic waste away from landfi lls, integrating it into a circular economy as valuable feedstock for all plastic recyclers.” Both Texas-based CCCs will use a wide range of plastic waste streams, including non-traditional materials, to produce an average of 600 million pounds of plastic waste feedstock per year. Photo courtesy of Agilyx by ALEXIS ELMORE alexis.elmore@siteselection.com SITE SELECTION JANUARY 2025 19 Printing Press Meets Data Center Needs T he former Kansas City Star printing press located in Kansas City, Missouri, will soon be repurposed to develop a new 100-megawatt (MW) data center from Patmos. The Missouri-based data center solutions company plans to invest $1 billion in a 400,000-sq.-ft., 5-acre site to establish its second location in the city to meet growing demand in the region. Within the next fi ve months Patmos will introduce an initial 5 MW, scaling to 40 MW in the following 18 months. “In a world where Big Tech is investing over $20 million per MW to stand up new data centers years down the road, the infrastructure already in this building allows us to build at a fraction of the cost in a fraction of the time,” said Patmos Chief Information Offi cer Joe Morgan. “By breathing new life into historic structures, we can create sustainable and innovative AI data centers. Repurposing these buildings not only preserves architectural heritage but also reduces the environmental impact of new construction.” Patmos announced its fi rst tenant at the new data center would be AI infrastructure company Nebius. Photo courtesy of Patmos Billions Head to the Midwest I n a move that will establish Eli Lilly and Company’s single largest investment outside of its home state of Indiana, the company has announced a $3 billion expansion of its recently acquired facility in Kenosha County, Wisconsin. The company purchased the former Nexus Pharmaceuticals site in April 2024, and now is expanding the plant to cater to rising demand within its injectable product manufacturing network. Products will focus on diabetes, obesity and future pipeline medicines, creating 750 new jobs. “We look forward to bringing high-wage advanced manufacturing, engineering and science jobs to people in Wisconsin,” said Lilly Manufacturing Operations President Edgardo Hernandez, “a state that is becoming a critical geography in our global manufacturing operations.” Construction will begin in 2025, installing advanced automation such as guided vehicles, robotics and production equipment to increase medicine production. Funds Support Expansion In the Other Wyoming B enteler Automotive Components is investing $105 million in a new operation on a former GM property in Wyoming, Michigan. The project entails a new 315,000-sq.-ft. battery tray and other metal components facility on the company’s 20-acre site, which will create 147 new jobs. “Michigan is at the heart of Benteler’s U.S. automotive operations. In addition to our headquarters in Auburn Hills, we have been operating another facility in Grand Rapids since 1985,” says Benteler Automotive Components North American Cluster EVP Steve Bates. “This investment is a further clear commitment to the region.” In December 2024, regional nonprofi t The Right Place and the Michigan Economic Development Corporation announced the company would receive a $1.4 million grant from the Michigan Business Development Program, $395,000 from an Act 381 Work Plan and assistance from West Michigan Works to support the project. New jobs at the expanded Eli Lilly site will include operators, technicians, engineers and scientists. Photo courtesy of Eli Lilly and Company The investment in Wyoming in the Grand Rapids region will mark the company’s seventh U.S. manufacturing facility. (See p. 184 of this issue for more about the chosen site.) Rendering courtesy of Benteler GroupINVESTMENT PROFILE: SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA HOW SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY BECAME THE LAND OF OPPORTUNITY I f you want to know why so many high-growth companies and the talented people they employ are moving to San Bernardino County in the Inland Empire of Southern California, the answer can be summed up in one word: opportunity As an increasing number of Golden State fi rms and workers look to expand their horizons and improve their fi nancial fortunes, this ,-square- mile county — the largest in America — is the closest thing they will fi nd to the land of opportunity; and it sits just an hour east of downtown Los Angeles. Spread across the Southern California lowlands, the High Mojave Desert and the San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County has become the destination of choice for mammoth ecommerce fulfi llment centers for Amazon, Target and by RON STARNER ron.starner@siteselection.com 20 JANUARY 2025 SITE SELECTION The majestic San Bernardino Mountains overlook the downtown district of the City of San Bernardino, California — the county seat of San Bernardino County, the largest county in land area (over 20,000 square miles) in the country. Photo courtesy of San Bernardino County other Fortune fi rms; in-demand air cargo operations serving multiple continents; advanced manufacturing companies like California Steel Industries; electric vehicle and high-speed rail hubs; and the next generation of walkable mixed-use communities. Some ,, million people already call this place home. ey live in one of cities that include places like Ontario, San Bernardino, Redlands, Fontana, Rancho Cucamonga, Chino, Chino Hills, Apple Valley, Adelanto, Hesperia and Victorville. ey are close enough to work in Orange, Riverside and Los Angeles counties, but increasingly, they are electing to work closer to home in a county that produces , jobs. When I asked Derek Armstrong, director of economic development for San Bernardino County, what makes his home county so popular, he said: “Our number one goal is to establish a business- friendly environment and be a model for the state and region. We will be responsive to businesses and help them through planning, permitting and fi nding workers. We will support our existing industries, and we will develop future leaders who can guide economic development at the county and city level.” ere is ample evidence that the county’s strategy is working. Since , county GDP has grown .% and outpaced the state. While other locations in California saw their economies contract during the COVID- pandemic, the economy in San Bernardino County continued to grow. Showing major gains in transportation and health care jobs, the Inland Empire ranked fi fth out of metro areas nationwide in job growth. ese gains are paying huge dividends for the people who live there. Since , median household income in the county has grown .% to $, per year. In Chino Hills, the median household income is $,. In Upland, it is $,. In Rancho Cucamonga, it is $,; and in Fontana, it is $,. Meanwhile, the county’s labor force increased from , in to ,, in . Per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, San Bernardino County now accounts for more than % of California’s entire workforce. rough it all, San Bernardino County remains the least expensive housing market in Southern California. While the median home value in Southern California is $,, it is just $, in San Bernardino County. at is considerably cheaper than the average house in Riverside, Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura counties. Built for Long-Term Growth Armstrong says the county leadership has its sights set on growth. “Brightline West will link us to Los Angeles and Las Vegas and increase visibility for our region,” he says of the new all-electric high-speed rail service from LA to Vegas. “We also have Ontario International Airport, which is one of the fastest-growing airports in the nation.” Armstrong adds that international employers like the fact that they can recruit talent from a vast and diverse labor shed. “I was talking to a company from Japan yesterday,” he said. “ ey can recruit workers from the million people who live in Los Angeles County too. Our Workforce Development Board and our Workforce Department have done a tremendous job in setting up recruiting fairs for employers and delivering other resources to them. We also work very well with the higher education institutions in the county.” Jennifer McLain Hiramoto, executive director of economic development for the City of Ontario, says the city’s population of , is expected to double over the next years. People are moving to Ontario, she notes, because of numerous quality-of- life investments made by the City Council. “ e city has built the Toyota Arena and the Convention Center,” she says. “Multiple city and private projects are breaking ground now, including SITE SELECTION JANUARY 2025 21 We are building 1,200 homes per year, and that will nearly double the population at total buildout to nearly 400,000 people. We annexed 8,000 acres 20 years ago, and we are continuing to develop and grow that land.” — Jennifer McLain Hiramoto , Executive Director of Economic Development, City of Ontario We are building 1,200 le other ies mic, y 22 JANUARY 2025 SITE SELECTION the new Ontario Sports Empire, a -acre multi- purpose athletic complex that will be anchored by a ,-seat professional baseball stadium. It will be home to the Dodger-affi liate, Single-A Team, and will be operational in April .” According to CBRE Research, the Ontario- Montclair-Upland submarket of Inland Empire West is the largest industrial market in the bi- county Inland Empire Region (which includes Riverside County) with , buildings totaling . million sq. ft. of industrial space. Of that, just .% is vacant, according to CBRE’s ird Quarter Market Report. rough the third quarter of , Ontario showed nearly million sq. ft. of net absorption year-to-date. e average triple-net lease rate was $. PSF. Hiramoto says that’s not all her city is building. “We are building , homes per year, and that will nearly double the population at total buildout to nearly , people. We annexed , acres years ago, and we are continuing to develop and grow that land.” Ian Britton, senior managing director of CBRE’s Ontario offi ce, says the county is positioned well for sustainable growth. “We are in a pretty good spot,” he says. “ e Inland Empire has a very diverse labor market. So many good employment sectors are here: government services, health care, engineering, transportation and logistics. During the pandemic, when Orange County and LA were very tech-heavy, a lot of employees went home to work and never came back. We never really saw that in the Inland Empire. e result of that is a much healthier offi ce market here.” In fact, the CBRE Q Offi ce Market Report for the Inland Empire shows continued positive leasing activity and a compressed vacancy rate. e vacancy rate declined from .% to .% “following another quarter of positive net absorption and a healthy outlook on the Inland Empire offi ce market,” per CBRE. Strong offi ce performers in the region in were Redlands with , sq. ft. of net absorption (the most in the Inland Empire) and Ontario, with , sq. ft. Fast Cars Mean Big Business On the industrial side, Britton says trade through the San Pedro Bay Port Complex will continue to drive industrial growth in San Bernardino County. “ e Ports of LA and Long Beach are a huge component of the overall demand for industrial space in the marketplace,” he says. “Over the past several years, you could draw a direct connection between TEUs at the port and industrial absorption in the Inland Empire, mainly because of e-commerce and people expecting products at their doorstep yesterday.” Two industrial submarkets stand out, Britton adds: Ontario and Fontana. “Ontario has grown quite a bit over the past two years, and we expect that to continue,” he notes. “Fontana is the other. e new Speedway Commerce Center in Fontana is the redevelopment of the old NASCAR speedway there. Hillwood is building that development on the area surrounding the old racetrack. Look for that area to grow.” Josh Cox, senior vice president for Hillwood, says, “We love the Inland Empire and specifi cally San Bernardino County. at is what brought Hillwood to Southern California years ago. Redevelopment of Norton Air Force Base brought us to the county. It is now AllianceCalifornia, a ,-acre trade and logistics center that has seen million square feet of development, $ billion in investment and the creation of ,-plus jobs.” There are good incentives. Both the county and the utilities go out of their way to help businesses grow. There are a lot of good reasons to be in San Bernardino County.” — Josh Cox , Senior Vice President, Hillwood There are good incentives. Both the With a labor force of 1.09 million workers, San Bernardino County accounts for morethan5% ofCalifornia’sworkforce. Source: San Bernardino County e new Speedway Commerce Center in Fontana, he adds, will only strengthen the county’s status as one of the premier industrial centers in the country. “We are working with NASCAR and CBRE Investment Management on Speedway Commerce Center. at is a -acre project in unincorporated San Bernardino County. is is another brownfi eld redevelopment. It is under construction as we speak and will be LEED Gold certifi ed. is is the old -mile racetrack in Fontana. NASCAR is approved to build a new half-mile track in the center of the project. We will develop nine industrial buildings around it.” Cox says the county’s infrastructure appeals to industrial developers. “Just look at the infrastructure of the county: three airports and six Interstate highways. We are right off the I- and the I-. at is a great advantage for the county. Plus, the county has always supported smart development. When you factor in proximity to the biggest ports in the U.S. and the fact that Southern California has million people, this is a great place to be.” e county’s crown jewel, he notes, is its workforce. “ ere is a great workforce here,” he says. “ ere are great colleges in the region. If you are looking to hire people in engineering roles and management roles, San Bernardino County has the workers you need.” Armstrong concurs. “Workforce development is one of the great things we do,” he says of the county that perennially wins national awards for its worker training programs. “Other communities struggle to fi nd workers. at is not an issue here. About % of our workers leave the county every day to go to jobs in other counties.” As California companies continue to move inland, more of the workforce will be able to both live and work in San Bernardino County. Cox sees that day coming soon. “When you talk to the people at the county’s economic development team, you learn that they have Opportunity Zones and other resources to help businesses fi nd a site and expand,” he says. “ ere are good incentives. Both the county and the utilities go out of their way to help businesses grow. ere are a lot of good reasons to be in San Bernardino County.” This Investment Profile was prepared under the auspices of San Bernardino County. For more information, contact the County’s Economic Development Department at 909-387-4460. On the web, go to www.SelectSBCounty.com. SITE SELECTION JANUARY 2025 23 A new minor league ballpark will only add to the quality-of-life ambiance of Ontario, say city leaders. Photo courtesy of City of OntarioCompanies Aid Colombia in Going Green C olombia is on a mission to ensure the country can cut % of its carbon emissions by , while reaching carbon neutrality in . e task is no simple feat, although homegrown companies like Ecopetrol — the name notwithstanding — have become a vital part of the country’s transition away from fossil fuels. ree years ago, the petroleum refi ning company initiated its fi rst green hydrogen production pilot project in Cartagena. e project brought a -kilowatt Proton Exchange Membrane electrolyzer and solar panels to life to support a three-month pilot program, using industrial water from the Cartagena refi nery to produce kilograms of high-purity green hydrogen per day. e project was a simple stepping stone to Ecopetrol’s larger Low-Carbon Hydrogen Plan initiative to invest up to $ million to bring green, blue and white hydrogen production in focus by . Scope of this plan includes intensifying hydrogen production within current operations through industrial-scale projects by . “Today we are the largest hydrogen producer in Colombia, which we employ to produce cleaner gasoline and diesel,” said former Ecopetrol Group President Felipe Bayón at the time of the project’s announcement in . “Nevertheless, we want to go further in our commitment to sustainability, which is why we have announced a robust portfolio of initiatives that seek to further develop the production capabilities of this energy resource in the country, while accelerating our carbon footprint reduction to achieve our goal to be a net-zero emissions company by . is is a fundamental step on our path towards energy transition.” In December , Ecopetrol’s current President and CEO Ricardo Roa Barragán took to the COLOMBIA 24 JANUARY 2025 SITE SELECTION Ecopetrol is pioneering renewable energy transition in Colombia with a new green hydrogen project. Image courtesy of Ecopetrol by ALEXIS ELMORE alexis.elmore@siteselection.com SITE SELECTION JANUARY 2025 25 company’s social media accounts to announce a $. million investment to construct a new green hydrogen plant at its Cartagena refi nery in the Mamonal Industrial Zone. e company noted that this investment will solidify the facility as Latin America’s largest green hydrogen production site, producing up to tons per year. is amount of green hydrogen makes up just % of Ecopetrol’s fuel hydration process demands currently. is project was said to be possible due to the completed construction and commissioning of a -megawatt solar farm inside of the refi nery in April . e -acre solar farm holds more than , solar panels capable of producing . million kilowatt-hours of electricity annually. Green hydrogen produced will be used for hydrotreating fuels, reducing carbon emissions by up to , tons. e company has not announced when the facility will become operational. “Ecopetrol has entered the modern era of producing clean fuels,” said Barragán. Looking ahead, Ecopetrol has begun exploring initiatives within its proposed Scope timeline, which includes diversifying hydrogen use within maritime and aviation mobility by . In November , the company completed its pilot testing catered to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Over the course of seven days Ecopetrol produced , barrels of jet fuel using palm oil and used cooking oil. Results of the pilot program have been sent for analysis to confi rm compliance with international standards. Once approved, Ecopetrol will aim to begin SAF production in Cartagena by . A Sustainable Expansion Earlier in , Ohio-based glass container manufacturer O-I Glass announced the completion of its Zipaquirá facility expansion, located an hour north of Bogotá in central Colombia. e $ million project at one of the company’s largest operations in Latin America is focused on upgrading sustainability, fl exibility and productivity. O-I is a leading global producer of glass bottles and jars, operating facilities across countries. e decision to expand the capabilities of the Zipaquirá plant was a strategic move to reach customers and emerging segments in the country’s food and beverage sector, while boosting energy effi ciency. “ is investment exemplifi es O-I’s approach of using vision and innovation to transform how glass is made.” said O-I Glass Chief Sustainability & Corporate Aff airs Offi cer Randy Burns. “It continues our practice of intelligently applying technology to move closer to the equilibrium that sustainability represents. It is part of O-I’s commitment and strategy to achieve our stated target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by %.” Project details included the integration of a new furnace at the site, which includes advanced oxy-fuel combustion and waste heat recovery technology. O-I’s move to install this modern furnace technology cuts nitrogen oxide emissions by up to % in comparison to previous air-fuel-fi red furnaces. is addition will also aid the company in reducing carbon emissions by up to % per ton during production. e project created new jobs in the process, building on a Colombian team of over employees. “We are proud of our advancements in Zipaquirá, upgrading the sustainability, technology innovation, safety, quality and productivity of our plant,” said O-I Andean Region Managing Director Alvaro Suarez in the company’s press release. “ is investment is having a positive impact on community development, aligned with our commercial strategy and the projected market growth, representing growth opportunities for our company.” Upgrades to the O-I Glass Zipaquirá facility will aid the company in reducing carbon emissions at its Colombia operations. Image courtesy of O-I Glass26 JANUARY 2025 SITE SELECTION by ALEXIS ELMORE alexis.elmore@siteselection.com Resonance’s Top 10 World’s Best Cities 2025 Undersea Connections K orea-based fi ber-optic cable manufacturing company Taihan Cable & Solution has announced plans to construct its second submarine cable plant in the Dangjin district of South Korea’s South Chungcheong Province. This location was selected due to its proximity to the company’s current cable factory and its initial submarine cable factory in the region. The $716 million project will be located in the Godae District of the Asan National Industrial Complex in order to meet growing global demand for submarine cables. Facilities will produce 620-kilovolt High-Voltage Direct Current cables and submarine cables for external networks and will also include a vertical continuous extrusion system tower. “Dangjin, South Chungcheong Province, is where the domestic production infrastructure of Taihan Cable is concentrated, and as a logistics and transportation hub, it is the optimal location to supply submarine cables to domestic and international markets,” said Taihan Cable Vice Chairman Song Jong-min. “We will quickly build a second submarine cable factory and contribute to Dangjin City emerging as a key region for the domestic submarine cable industry.” The site is anticipated to become operational in 2027. Dangjin Mayor Oh Seong-hwan, South Chungcheong Province Governor Kim Tae-heum, Hoban Group Chairman Kim Seon-gyu and Taihan Cable Vice Chairman Song Jong-min signed a new project agreement in November 2024. Photo courtesy of Taihan Cable Commitment to Innovative Treatments O rano Group subsidiary Orano Med has announced plans for the world’s fi rst dedicated Advanced Thorium Extraction Facility (ATEF) catered toward thorium-228 production in Bessines-sur-Gartempe, located in the Nouvelle- Aquitaine region in western France. Thorium-228 is a precursor of lead-212, which is used for cancer radiotherapy applications. This $265.4 million ATEF project comes after 10 years of industrial manufacturing development by the Maurice Tubiana Laboratory (LTM) and will supply numerous Alpha Therapy Laboratory sites that produce lead-212 drugs. The over 75,000-sq.-ft. plant will boost the LTM’s current production capacity by 10-fold as operations begin in 2027. Combined production capacities of the ATEF and LTM will provide a short-term supply for Orano Med’s clinical trials and commercial launches of the fi rst treatments, within a decade producing 100,000 drug doses annually. The project will create 70 direct jobs in the region. Orano Med announced a new production facility in France catering to innovative cancer treatments. Rendering courtesy of Orano Med WORLD REPORTS 1 London, England 2 New York, USA 3 Paris, France 4 Tokyo, Japan 5 Singapore 6 Rome, Italy 7 Madrid, Spain 8 Barcelona, Spain 9 Berlin, Germany 10 Sydney, Australia SITE SELECTION JANUARY 2025 27 All-Electric Fleet Heads to Africa A $163 million contract secured by UK-based e-mobility company OX Delivers will soon drive a new era of trade in East Africa. Announced in December 2024, a multi-year deal will allow the company to meet growing demand and decrease trade barriers for OX Delivers’ services in Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi. “This year has been record-breaking for OX Delivers and this deal enables us to signifi cantly accelerate our business model and enhance our ability to deliver aff ordable, reliable transport-as-a-service to allow our customers’ businesses to prosper,” said OX Delivers CEO and Co-Founder Simon Davis. “In addition, this deal will allow us to explore new markets and introduce new technologies, such as payment apps, to improve our overall customer experience.” Building upon the success of the company’s 2021 pilot program in Rwanda, a new fl eet of all-electric trucks will enable goods to travel faster, safer and more effi ciently. New Vision for Chips Manufacturing V isionPower Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, a recently formed joint venture pursued by Taiwan-based Vanguard International Semiconductor Corporation and Netherlands-based NXP Semiconductors, has offi cially broken ground on a new $7.8 billion 300-mm. wafer manufacturing plant in Singapore. Initial production at the facility, located in the country’s eastern regional center of Tampines, is set to begin in 2027 and create 1,500 new jobs. The plant anticipates a production capacity of 660,000 wafers annually by 2029. The JV will then analyze the success of this initial phase before considering a second- phase expansion. “Singapore is renowned not only as Asia’s economic hub but also as a beacon of technological innovation,” said VSMC and VIS Chairman Leuh Fang. “We are proud to announce the groundbreaking of our fi rst 12-inch fab in Singapore, which will uphold the company’s core business philosophy, provide specialty IC foundry services, and lay the foundation for our future development. This fab will advance the semiconductor industry and bolster the local high-tech sector.” OX Delivers’ new franchise partner, OX East Africa, aims to increase sales and productivity for businesses in the country by moving away from traditional delivery methods. Photo courtesy of OX Delivers The $7.8 billion Singapore semiconductor project will be the fi rst facility introduced by the joint venture. Photo courtesy of NXP Semiconductors Cushman & Wakefi eld’s Top 10 Most Expensive Main Streets 1 2 Italy Milan Via Montenapoleone $2,047 2 1 United States New York City Upper 5th Avenue (49th to 60th Sts) $2,000 3 4 United Kingdom London New Bond Street $1,762 4 3 Greater China Hong Kong Tsim Sha Tsui (main street shops) $1,607 5 5 France Paris Avenue des Champs-Elysees $1,282 6 6 Japan Tokyo Ginza $1,186 7 7 Switzerland Zurich Bahnhofstrasse $981 8 8 Australia Sydney Pitt Street Mall $802 9 9 South Korea Seoul Myeongdong $688 10 10 Austria Vienna Kohlmarkt $553 Global Global Ranking Ranking Market City Location Rent (US$/sq. ft./yr.) 2024 2023 Source: “Main Streets Across the World 2024,” Cushman & Wakefi eldNext >