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The non-profit Center (KRC) examined 1,157 subsidies worth US$631.1 million associated with the three main incentive programs administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED): the Opportunity Grant Program (OGP), the Infrastructure Development Program (IDP), and the Pennsylvania Industrial Development Authority (PIDA) program. The study replicates an earlier study KRC had conducted for the Brookings Institution, and analyzes the extent to which incentives make their way to older communities with existing infrastructure (i.e. infill) versus outlying communities (i.e. ring suburbs or “sprawl”). The study’s findings inform a detailed interactive mapping tool available at www.keystoneresearchmap.org.
“Continuing earlier trends, from 2000 to 2008 older
From 1998 to 2003,
Among the findings, from 2003 to 2008, on a per capita basis, older areas received $1.25 for every $1 outer areas received. Older
In fact, the situation has reversed itself. From 1998 to 2003, indexed against the statewide average as 100 percent, older communities came in at 97 percent and outer or newer communities scored 104 percent. For 2003 to 2008, it was the newer communities that scored 97 percent, while the older areas had climbed to 102 percent. Loan assistance to older communities increased from 105 percent of the statewide average in 1998-2003 to 116 percent in 2003-2008. “This means that older areas now receive almost one-and-a-half times as much per capita loan assistance as outer areas,” says KRC.
“Interviews suggest that this shift partly reflects increased buy-in within the economic development community to the idea that subsidies should focus, when possible, on already-developed areas with existing infrastructure,” says the report, citing that very focus in the “Keystone Principles” adopted by the interagency Economic Development Cabinet on May 31, 2005. As might be expected, some quarrel with KRC’s definitions of “old” and “new”: “Local officials contend that some parts of second-class townships are already developed and can be targets for ‘smart’ investments (e.g., in Lancaster and York),” says the report.
Much of the data came straight from the DECD’s own “Investment Tracker” online database. But KRC notes that the DECD database does not track incentives when the request for the funds comes from an economic development intermediary, only when it comes directly from a company.
Among other findings:
- From 2003 to 2008, smaller cities and rural areas received 44 percent more funds per capita than the nine largest metro areas as a group. And those smaller and rural areas focused much more of their funds on older Pennsylvania. The study does not address whether the reason might be that “newer Pennsylvania,” almost by definition, doesn’t exist in such areas, though it does state that one reason might be that “these parts of the state face less development pressure than fast-growing suburban and exurban markets.”
- The greatest percentage change in population occurred in Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton (the Lehigh Valley), which went from 68 percent in older areas in 2000 to 60 percent in older areas in 2008. Older areas in the Lehigh Valley lost 62,000 people while outer areas gained 52,000.
- “In some localities, such as Montgomery County, just outside Philadelphia, the embrace of the idea that economic development assistance should be targeted to older communities is explicit,” said the report. “The county’s recently developed strategic economic development plan targets funds to older communities in general and sets aside $40 million out of $105 million in funds just for the County’s two most challenged towns (Norristown and Pottstown).”
Who’s Leading Whom?
KRC Executive Director Stephen Herzenberg says the study included background interviews with some 80 professionals, most of them in economic development and planning fields, but only a scant few from the companies benefiting from the subsidies. “Only individuals at the regional level — such as economic developers, land-use planners, and advocates for smart growth — have the local knowledge needed to interpret and use the data here to greatest advantage,” says the report.
But since many of these grants and loans go to specific projects being pursued by companies that have made a location choice, does KRC give at least some credit to increased awareness of infill sites among the corporate decision-makers themselves, many of whom are increasingly beholden to sustainability mandates?
“Sure,” says Herzenberg. “It’s certainly true that some companies absolutely get the smart growth issue. That’s fine. Enlightened self-interest is a great thing. In general, I think it’s probably true that the economic development community tends to think more explicitly in terms of community well-being. That’s part of their jobs. Whereas businesses care about making money. In practice, location decisions are made for a whole set of reasons, where the size of the subsidy is not in the top 10, but if it’s free money, why not go get it? It’s very hard for the local or state economic developers to know when they’re changing behavior. You can’t evaluate the return on these kinds of investments. That’s why we’d prefer states work on the quality of the work force or on transportation infrastructure.”
Those topics were addressed in another KRC report, co-authored with Washington, D.C.-based Good Jobs First, that was released earlier this year, calling for a de-emphasis on tax incentives designed to lure, and an increased emphasis on programs designed to improve existing assets. Instead of handing out checks, KRC said, “Pennsylvania should strengthen its efforts to grow its own companies by investing in the public goods of a 21st-century economy,” among them education and traditional infrastructure, technological infrastructure and amenities, cultural assets, and natural endowments. “Today’s public goods also include institutions that support specific industry sectors, such as training partnerships and sector-specific innovation centers that build on Pennsylvania’s higher-education institutions,” said the report.
However, economic development budgets have not adhered to those principles just yet. “In part because tax credits don’t increase state spending (but instead cut state revenues), there has been a substantial increase in the use of tax credits to promote job growth over the past decade,” reported KRC. “Tax credits for economic development jumped from less than $100 million in FY 2001–02 to a peak of $260 million in 2008–09. This jump contributed to increased scrutiny from the state legislature in 2009, including performance audits by the Legislative Budget and Finance Committee, resulting in a $130-million cut to tax credits in the 2009-10 budget.”
At the same time, “grow your own” programs such as the highly respected Ben Franklin Technology Partnership, though they saw budget increases for most of the past decade, saw substantial cuts over the past two years. (All is not lost, however: The BFTP branch in the Lehigh Valley last year received $6 million in federal stimulus funds to expand its TechVentures incubator/post-incubator facility by 47,000 sq. ft. [4,366 sq. m.])
Above all, says Herzenberg, KRC and others (including sponsors of bills pending in both chambers of the Pennsylvania General Assembly) are simply pushing for greater transparency and disclosure.
“It’s not a partisan issue,” he says. “Accountability has a lot of traction.” He says KRC is clearly making DCED and others in the economic development community nervous, but that’s not KRC’s motive. “Some believe in ‘gotcha’ transparency. That’s not our goal. We’re trying to provide better information.”
Herzenberg says better disclosure becomes a tool for smarter development, resulting over time in healthier communities and stronger economies. And along the way, “We can keep asking ourselves, ‘How are we doing? Are we putting our money in the right places?”
Older Getting Newer
On the very same day in June that KRC released its new report, John Grady, vice president of real estate services for the Philadelphia Industrial Development Corp., was telling the city’s Zoning Code Commission about PIDC’s own just-concluded industrial land use and market study — a study that reaches some of the same infill conclusions as the KRC document, based on steel and concrete evidence at the still-evolving 1,200-acre (486-hectare) Navy Yard property, which has seen hundreds of millions invested by private-sector firms to back up similarly heavy public-sector infrastructure investment.
The companies include Tasty Baking, Urban Outfitters (now pursuing the latest of multiple new buildings over recent years) and the newest arrival, Heliosphera, a Greek solar technology firm that promises to create up to 500 jobs at a new solar module manufacturing complex. The project dovetails with multiple alternative energy projects under way at Navy Yard.
Other infill examples abound:
- In the Pittsburgh-area community of South Fayette, EQA Landmark Communities this spring embarked on a $250-million, 350-acre (142-hectare) sustainable mixed-use development, Newbury Market. Situated on land that was once a major manufacturing center, the project has been aided by the state’s Land Recycling Program.
- A similar redevelopment is taking place at the huge Frankford Arsenal property in Philadelphia, where in July, after years of delay and debate, demolition began for a new shopping center, profits from which will be re-invested into the preservation of the southern section of the Arsenal, home to two charter schools and several businesses. The Arsenal Business Center features 1.4 million sq. ft. (130,060 sq. m.) of light industrial and office space in more than one hundred buildings on 86 acres (35 hectares). “Over its nearly two-century history, the Arsenal has time and time again reinvented itself to best serve the region,” said Mark Hankin, president of Hankin Management Company, who has owned the Arsenal property since 1983. The demolition of the first building began with taking down the first wall as The Verdi Band of Norristown played highlights from the 1812 Overture. The Arsenal originally was built in 1816 in response to the War of 1812.
- In Pottstown, on the northeast outskirts of Philadelphia, CB Richard Ellis, Inc., successfully brokered over 250,000 sq. ft. (23,225 sq. m.) in leases at Tri-County Commerce Park in the second quarter of 2010. Owner BCW Associates embarked on substantial renovations, reconfiguring and repositioning when occupancy was around 40 percent. The new leases and one other pending deal could double that to 80 percent. Renovations included demolishing an 80,000-sq.-ft. (7,432-sq.-m.) portion of the 750,000-sq.-ft. (69,675-sq.-m.) complex, which allowed for new loading to be created in multiple sections of the property, and developing a road plan that allowed trucks and cars 360-degree access.
- The continuing redevelopment of a former U.S. Steel site in Fairless Hills, the Keystone Industrial Port Complex (KIPC), completed a new chapter in July when CSC Sugar leased the 161,000-sq.-ft. (14,957-sq.-m.) Bar Mill building to import raw sugar in bulk via ship and rail, and refine the sugar into a liquid product called Sugaright that will be provided to food manufacturers as an additive in beverages, gums, candies and other foodstuffs. The five-year lease was arranged by NAI Global.